New study reveals how a brain protein may influence ADHD and brain development
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that can affect attention, activity levels and impulse control, with symptoms often beginning in childhood and sometimes continuing into adulthood.
Although the exact causes of ADHD are not fully understood, changes in the brain's dopamine system have long been linked to the condition. Dopamine is a chemical messenger that helps brain cells communicate and plays an important role in movement, motivation and behavior.
While dopamine-related changes have been associated with ADHD, it remains unclear how the brain cells that respond to dopamine are maintained and how their disruption may contribute to ADHD-related behaviors. This is particularly relevant to dopamine D2 receptor (D2R)-expressing cells, which are found in the striatum, a brain region involved in movement and behavioral control. Understanding what helps these cells develop and function normally could provide new insights into the biological processes involved in ADHD.
Against this backdrop, a research team from Japan, led by assistant professor Min-Jue Xie of the Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Centre for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Japan, set out to investigate the role of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) in these dopamine-related brain cells. NSF regulates membrane fusion, helping brain cells release chemical messengers and move proteins within their membranes.
"The motivation for this study came from previous findings suggesting that NSF may be involved in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. NSF was known to interact with D2R; however, the role of this interaction in vivo remained unclear. Because ADHD is thought to involve reduced striatal dopaminergic function and D2R dysfunction, we hypothesized that NSF may be important for maintaining D2R-expressing neurons and dopaminergic function. This led us to initiate the present study," explains Dr. Xie.
The research also included contributions from professor Hideo Matsuzaki of the same division at the University of Fukui and assistant professor Koshi Murata of the Division of Brain Structures and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Japan.
The article was published in Neuropsychopharmacology.
To investigate this, the researchers created knockout mice in which NSF was removed specifically from D2R-expressing cells (neurons). They then studied the animals' brain development, dopamine levels and behavior. The team also tested whether drugs that affect dopamine signaling could reduce the behavioral changes seen in the modified mice.
The loss of NSF affected the developing brain, resulting in fewer dopamine D2R-expressing cells, increased early developmental cell death and a smaller striatum. The mice also had markedly lower dopamine levels in this brain region. Together, these findings suggest that NSF helps maintain dopamine-related cells and supports normal development and dopamine function.
The brain changes were accompanied by ADHD-like behaviors. The knockout mice were more hyperactive than control mice and showed more impulsive-like behavior in a test that measured how quickly they jumped from an elevated platform. By the end of the seven-minute test, 86% of mice in the experimental group had jumped, compared with 31% of mice in the control group.
The researchers then explored whether these behaviors could be reduced by changing dopamine signaling. Methylphenidate, a medicine commonly used to treat ADHD, did not significantly reduce hyperactivity when given alone to the modified mice. However, when it was given together with quinpirole, a drug that activates D2R, the mice became less hyperactive and showed less impulsive-like behavior.
During the seven-minute test, the proportion of knockout mice that jumped fell from 78% without treatment to 11% after the two drugs were given together.
"This is basic research and will not immediately lead to a new treatment. However, it provides important clues for understanding how dopaminergic dysfunction may contribute to ADHD. In the future, these findings may help develop new therapeutic strategies targeting D2R function and striatal dopamine signaling, especially for treatment-resistant ADHD," Xie concludes.
Publication details
Min-Jue Xie et al, Deletion of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor in dopamine D2 receptor-expressing cells impairs striatal development and dopaminergic function and induces ADHD-like behaviors in mice, Neuropsychopharmacology (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41386-026-02526-8
Journal information: Neuropsychopharmacology
Clinical categories
PsychiatryPsychology & Mental healthNeurologyChildren's health Provided by University of Fukui Who's behind this story?
Swati Mestri
Swati Mestri holds a bachelor's degree in Electronics Engineering and has worked as a content editor since 2019. She has experience editing research documents across technology, health care, and materials science, and has a particular interest in technology and space. Full profile →
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