Fitness program for transplant candidates linked to lower mortality
· Medical Xpressedited by Sadie Harley, reviewed by Andrew Zinin
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When transplant candidates become frail, doctors often worry that they are too weak to survive transplantation. But according to a new study from Northwestern Medicine and the University of Pittsburgh, frailty can be significantly improved with the right personalized, physician-led fitness program.
In the study, more than 350 liver transplant candidates participated in a highly individualized workout and nutrition program. Nearly two-thirds of patients who attended at least three program visits lowered their frailty score by an average of nearly 0.4 points—a number that turned out to be a game changer.
Patients whose score improved by 0.4 points or more had a roughly 50% lower risk of dying while waiting for a transplant.
"It doesn't matter how severe their disease is," said study senior author Dr. Andres Duarte-Rojo, a professor in the divisions of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Organ Transplantation at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. "If they exercise and do what we ask them to do, they see a major improvement in their fitness and reduce their mortality risk before transplantation."
The study was published in the journal Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.
Transplant fitness
According to Duarte-Rojo, only about 10 transplant centers worldwide (including at Northwestern and Pittsburgh) offer patients this personalized fitness program, called prehabilitation.
In the study, patients underwent tests to assess strength and nutritional needs as soon as they were referred to the transplantation center. During that initial visit, they received an at-home exercise plan that was adjusted during follow-up appointments every four to 12 weeks.
For each patient, Duarte-Rojo worked closely with a physical therapist and a dietitian to set up the fitness and nutritional plans and track progress.
"There are precautions, of course," said Duarte-Rojo, who also is a Northwestern Medicine transplant hepatologist. "You don't send these patients to the gym to lift 100 pounds (45 kilograms). You have to start low and progress slowly. But we find that the frailest ones often improve the most."
Duarte-Rojo said he has spent 20 years studying fitness programs for patients with advanced liver disease—20 years, he says, of attempting to prove to the medical establishment that many sick and frail patients need it the most.
"Some authorities in the field have long told me, 'You're crazy, they're going to bleed, they're going to have more encephalopathy, they're going to get sicker, they're going to get injured,'" Duarte-Rojo said. "And we proved through many field studies that it is exactly the other way around."
Findings
Duarte-Rojo and colleagues studied nearly 1,300 adults evaluated for liver transplantation between 2018 and 2022 at the University of Pittsburgh's transplantation center. Among them, 355 returned for at least two follow-up visits and were therefore considered participants in the prehabilitation program.
In those patients, Duarte-Rojo's team tracked changes in their Liver Frailty Index, a score based on three tests: grip strength, chair stands and the ability to remain in three balancing positions.
Among the prehabilitation patients, 64% improved their score. And after accounting for factors known to influence mortality—such as age, disease severity and baseline frailty—patients who improved their score by at least 0.4 points had a roughly 50% lower risk of dying while awaiting a transplant.
Duarte-Rojo said the 0.4 benchmark is critical because transplant centers around the world could use it as a clinical goal and as a way to identify patients who are more likely to survive.
- Susana Miranda, a certified nurse practitioner at Northwestern Medicine, performs an ultrasound scan of Steven McGowan's thigh to assess his muscle density. Credit: Northwestern University / Ben Schamisso
- Study senior author Dr. Andres Duarte and transplant candidate Steven McGowan at Northwestern Medicine Organ Transplant Center in Chicago. Credit: Northwestern University / Ben Schamisso
Why this matters
At any given time in the U.S., roughly 100,000 candidates are waiting for a transplant. Depending on the organ, the average wait times range from a few months to a few years.
Beyond that population, Duarte-Rojo said the prehabilitation program could be replicated for cancers and certain surgeries. "As we are getting older and as we are getting sicker, we need to be more prepared to take care of our bodies," he said.
Patient perspective
Steven McGowan is a 62-year-old retiree from the Chicago area who is awaiting both a kidney and liver transplant. He has been participating in Duarte-Rojo's prehabilitation program at Northwestern since January. The grandfather of five said he was classified as "very frail" during his initial visit. After months of rigorously following his fitness and dietary plan, Duarte-Rojo's team now considers him "robust."
"I was very frail when I went in," McGowan said. "I started getting stronger pretty quickly. I'm honestly surprised at how much I'm doing. I'm walking 3 to 4 miles (4.8 to 6.4 kilometers) a day now."
Publication details
Personalized Prehabilitation: A Pathway to Improved Frailty Metrics and Survival in Liver Transplant Candidates, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2026.09.044
Journal information: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Key medical concepts
FrailtyPrehabilitationLiver Transplantation
Clinical categories
Fitness & Physical activityGastroenterologyHealthy living Provided by Northwestern University Who's behind this story?
Sadie Harley
BSc Life Sciences & Ecology. Microbiology lab background with pharmaceutical news experience in oil, gas, and renewable industries. Full profile →
Andrew Zinin
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