Yoga, Tai Chi, walking and jogging found to improve sleep and ease insomnia
· News-MedicalThe findings back the use of exercise as a primary treatment strategy for poor sleep patterns, say the researchers.
Characterized by difficulties falling and staying asleep, and early morning awakening, the prevalence of insomnia ranges from 4-22%, note the researchers. It is associated with heightened risks of various mental and physical health conditions, including dementia and cardiovascular disease.
Drug treatments for insomnia are not without their side effects, and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), while effective, isn't always available due to the shortage of trained therapists, explain the researchers.
An emerging body of research suggests that exercise is helpful, but current guidelines don't specify which types of exercise might be most beneficial. The researchers therefore set out to plug this knowledge gap, with a view to informing clinical practice and helping patients choose the most appropriate exercise for managing their insomnia.
They scoured research databases looking for relevant randomised clinical trials published up to April 2025 and included 22 in a network meta analysis-a statistical technique used to simultaneously compare multiple interventions.
The trials involved 1348 participants and 13 different treatment approaches to ease insomnia, seven of which were exercise based: yoga; Tai Chi; walking or jogging; aerobic plus strength exercise; strength training alone; aerobic exercise combined with therapy; and mixed aerobic exercises. These programmes ranged from 4 up to 26 weeks in length.
Validated scoring systems for sleep quality and insomnia severity -PSQI and the ISI45-as well as subjective and objective measures of total sleep time, sleep efficiency (percentage of time spent asleep while in bed), number of awakenings after going to sleep, and time taken to fall asleep (sleep latency) were used to assess sleep patterns.
Compared with existing treatment, CBT is likely to result in a large increase in total sleep time based on subjective sleep diary data. It may also improve sleep efficiency, and shorten the amount of time spent awake after falling asleep as well as sleep latency, with sustained improvements, the findings suggest.
Walking or jogging may result in a large reduction in insomnia severity of nearly 10 points, while Tai Chi may reduce poor sleep quality scores by more than 4 points, increase total sleep time by more than 50 minutes, and reduce time spent awake after falling asleep by over half an hour. It may also shorten sleep latency by around 25 minutes.
There are potentially plausible biological explanations for the findings, say the researchers.
With its focus on body awareness, controlled breathing, and attentional training, yoga may alter brain activity, thereby alleviating anxiety and depressive symptoms which often interfere with a good night's sleep, they suggest.
Tai Chi emphasises breath control and physical relaxation and has been shown to decrease sympathetic nervous system activity, dampening down hyperarousal, they add. And its combination of meditative movement and mindfulness may promote emotional regulation, deactivate 'mental chatter', and reduce anxiety. It may also help to curb the production of inflammatory chemicals over longer periods, they suggest.
The researchers acknowledge that 15 (68%) of the included trials contained design and methodological flaws. And there were no standardised, quantifiable metrics for the frequency or intensity of exercise interventions, while the sample sizes of some of the studies were small.
"Given the advantages of exercise modalities such as yoga, Tai Chi, and walking or jogging-including low cost, minimal side effects, and high accessibility-these interventions are well-suited for integration into primary care and community health programmes."
And there may well be one type of exercise that is best suited to easing a particular symptom of insomnia, they suggest, which further research may clarify.
Source:
Journal reference: