UZH researchers harness AI to detect antibiotic resistance

Researchers at the University of Zurich (UZH) have used artificial intelligence (AI) to help identify antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The team led by Adrian Egli, UZH professor at the Institute of Medical Microbiology, is the first to investigate how GPT-4, a powerful AI model developed by OpenAI, can be used to analyze antibiotic resistance.

The researchers used AI to interpret a common laboratory test known as the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, which helps doctors to determine which antibiotics can or can't fight a particular bacterial infection. Based on GPT-4, the scientists created the "EUCAST-GPT-expert", which follows strict EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) guidelines for interpreting antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. By incorporating the latest data and expert rules, the system was tested on hundreds of bacterial isolates, helping to identify resistance to life-saving antibiotics.

Human experts are more accurate - but AI is faster

"Antibiotic resistance is a growing threat worldwide, and we urgently need faster, more reliable tools to detect it," says Adrian Egli, who led the study. "Our research is the first step toward using AI in routine diagnostics to help doctors identify resistant bacteria more quickly."

The AI system performed well in detecting certain types of resistance, but it wasn't perfect. While it was good at spotting bacteria resistant to certain antibiotics, it sometimes flagged bacteria as resistant when they were not, leading to possible delays in treatment. In comparison, human experts were more accurate in determining resistance, but the AI system could still help standardize and speed up the diagnostic process.

Useful tool to support medical staff

Despite the limitations, the study highlights the transformative potential of AI in healthcare. By offering a standardized approach to the interpretation of complex diagnostic tests, AI could eventually help reduce the variability and subjectivity that exists in manual readings, improving patient outcomes.

Adrian Egli emphasizes that more testing and improvements are needed before this AI tool can be used in hospitals.

Adrian Egli, UZH professor at the Institute of Medical MicrobiologyOur study is an important first step, but we are far from replacing human expertise. Instead, we see AI as a complementary tool that can support microbiologists in their work."

Curbing the global development of antibiotic resistance

Source:

University of Zurich (UZH)

Journal reference:

Giske, C. G., et al. (2024) GPT-4-based AI agents—the new expert system for detection of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms?. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00689-24.