How this papal funeral was different

Pope Francis's funeral reflected the tenets of his papacy by breaking away from traditions and choosing sobriety over pomp.

Francis died on Easter Monday at the age of 88, with his funeral taking place at St Peter’s Square in Rome.

More than 150,000 people made their way into St Peter’s Basilica earlier this week where the late pontiff lay in state ahead of the funeral.

But where his predecessors John Paul II and Benedict XVI lied upon an elevated bier, Francis’s body rested inside a simple coffin barely raised from the floor of the basilica.

This change was one of several Francis introduced in November 2024 following a revision of the Ordo Exsequiarum Romani Pontificis - the Funeral Rites of the Roman Pontiff - with the view to simplifying the ceremonies.

Archbishop Diego Ravelli, master of pontifical liturgical ceremonies, had then told Vatican News the simplification of the rites was "to emphasise even more that the funeral of the Roman pontiff is that of a pastor and disciple of Christ and not of a powerful person of this world".

Certification of death

When a pope dies, the official verification of his death by the Camerlengo - the prelate who runs the Vatican between a pope’s death and the election of his successor - would traditionally take place at the location where he died.

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Francis’s revision of the funeral rites scrapped this requirement, asking that the certification of death be carried out inside the late pontiff’s private chapel instead.

In Francis’s case, this rite was carried out in the chapel of the Vatican’s Casa Santa Marta where he lived - having declined to move into the papal apartments at the Apostolic Palace following his election in 2013.

The new rites then ask that the late pontiff be placed directly into a simple, open wooden coffin lined with zinc, where previous traditions saw a pope entombed in three interlocking caskets made of cypress, lead and oak.

Previously, the pope’s body would also be placed inside the three coffins only after its lying in state at St Peter’s Basilica.

Funeral

The funeral rites are traditionally divided into three stations: the home of the deceased pope, the Vatican basilica, and the burial place.

With Pope Francis having requested the first station be a chapel instead - though it did form part of his "home" at the Casa Santa Marta residence - his body was then transferred directly to St Peter’s Basilica on Wednesday morning.

The coffin did not pass through the Apostolic Palace for another exposition, as was done previously for John Paul II, and was not displayed on an elevated bier - the so-called 'Canaletto' or 'death bed' - as happened with both John Paul II and Benedict XVI.

Francis was lying in public view for three days until yesterday evening, when his coffin was sealed in the presence of several cardinals and officials from the Holy See - the central governing body of the Catholic Church and the Vatican.

The funeral mass was presided over by Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re, the dean of the college of cardinals, and concelebrated by patriarchs and cardinals wearing their white damask mitre (tall, pointed hat).

Archbishops and bishops of the Catholic Church were also invited to join wearing liturgical vestments, which they put on in St Peter’s Square, according to the Holy See.

President Michael D Higgins and his wife Sabina, Taoiseach Micheál Martin and Tánaiste Simon Harris were among the world leaders and dignitaries who attended the funeral.

While a requiem mass is usually a standard length of around an hour, the number of people expected to attend, including those wishing to receive Holy Communion, meant the service ran closer to 90 minutes.

Burial

According to the traditional rites, and unless a pope has chosen otherwise, his remains are moved after the funeral mass to the grotto of St Peter’s Basilica for burial.

But the 2024 revision also decreed a pope can be buried outside of the Vatican if he so wishes.

Pope Francis left instructions in which he asked to be buried in a simple underground tomb in Rome’s papal basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore.

This makes Francis the first pontiff in more than a century not to be buried at St Peter’s Basilica as the last pope who asked to be buried outside of the Vatican was Pope Leo XIII, who died in 1903.

In his will, Francis wrote: "I have always entrusted my life and priestly and episcopal ministry to the Mother of Our Lord, Mary Most Holy.

"Therefore, I ask that my mortal remains rest, awaiting the day of resurrection, in the Papal Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore (Saint Mary Major).

"I wish that my final earthly journey conclude precisely in this ancient Marian shrine, where I go to pray at the beginning and end of every Apostolic Journey…

"I ask that my tomb be prepared in the burial niche in the side nave between the Pauline Chapel and the Sforza Chapel of the aforementioned Papal Basilica, as indicated in the enclosed plan.

"The tomb should be in the ground; simple, without particular ornamentation, and bearing only the inscription: Franciscus."

A "group of poor and needy people" will be present on the steps leading to Santa Maria Maggiore to pay their last respects to Francis before he is entombed, the Holy See said on Thursday.

The funeral marks the first day of nine memorial masses called "the novendiali" for the nine days during which they will take place.

The final day of the novendiali will be on Sunday 4 May.

The secret meeting of cardinals, known as the conclave, is expected to begin between 15 and 20 days after the pope’s death.